The French nobility played a prominent role in most Crusades to restore Christian access to the Holy Land. [105][106], Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by the year 2020,[107] compared to the United States plan to reduce emissions by 4% of 1990 levels. In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille), on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Italy through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome. [288], Catholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more than a millennium, though it is not as actively practised today as it was. Official Site of the Olympic Movement", "Licenses of the French Football Federation", "World Cup 2018: France beat Croatia 4-2 in World Cup final", 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France, "Thierry Henry calls end to France career", "Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur", Official site of the French public service, Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Countries and dependencies of South America, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&oldid=992660130#Climate, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1792, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles needing additional references from October 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles with failed verification from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, State private property under the direct authority of the. King Philip Augustus achieved remarkable success in the strengthening of royal power and the expansion of his realm, doubling its size and defeating his rivals. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighboring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. [262] Many foreign Romani people are expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.[263]. "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. For much of the High Middle Ages, France was a highly decentralized feudal kingdom in which the authority of the king was barely felt. The Louvre Pyramid is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The advanced training offered by the program makes students specialists in the physics and dynamics of atmospheric or coastal environment and in their evolutions associated to climate change. In July 1790, a Civil Constitution of the Clergy reorganized the French Catholic Church, cancelling the authority of the Church to levy taxes, et cetera. In 2008, the government launched a major initiative to help the sector reform and become financially independent,[394][395] but in 2009 it had to give 600,000 euros to help the print media cope with the economic crisis, in addition to existing subsidies.[396]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. At VU Amsterdam, you can choose from more than 200 Master's programmes at the intersection of fundamental, innovative scientific knowledge, academic education, social orientation and personal development. This is due to the country's heavy investment in nuclear power following the 1973 oil crisis,[101] which now accounts for 75 percent of its electricity production[102] and results in less pollution. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic. Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the Saint Sernin Basilica in Toulouse, the largest romanesque church in Europe,[329] and the remains of the Cluniac Abbey. [265] The next largest wave came in the 1960s, when around 1.6 million pieds noirs returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco. The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Lorraine. Formation initiale, continue, en alternance (par professionalisation et par apprentissage). [97][failed verification] It has been relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. After the catastrophic Russian campaign, and the ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule, Napoleon was defeated and the Bourbon monarchy restored. [297] The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997. [351] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the Government of France. France also hosts major international research instruments such as the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility or the Institut Laue–Langevin and remains a major member of CERN. [302][303] There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,[304] and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed. At this time France had become a centre of artistic creation, the first half of the 19th century being dominated by two successive movements, at first Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix, and Realism with Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet, a style that eventually evolved into Naturalism. Age limit: 26 years old unless otherwise stated. It is part of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace that optimizes the work of several laboratories in the Paris area working in similar themes. [112], Forests account for 31 percent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing an increase of 7 percent since 1990. In the context of the Cold War, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs. The Garonne meets the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, forming the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean. France uses a civil legal system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes;[97] judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law in a common law system). • The ice cap climate (EF) is found in all the mountainous regions of France that have a glacier. After the collapse of the empire and a relative decline, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating in the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 in the midst of the Franco-Prussian War. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards. Climate Master’s Team has created some of the most efficient, advanced, and versatile products available in … Web. 26 February 2014. The origins of French art were very much influenced by Flemish art and by Italian art at the time of the Renaissance. Hartnoll, Phyllis (ed.). [23][24] It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation,[25] or more generally because they had the status of freemen in contrast to servants or slaves. The French Revolution in 1789 saw the fall of the absolute monarchy that characterized the Ancien Régime and from its ashes, rose one of modern history's earliest republics, which drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. [243][244][245][246] France's fertility rate and crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. [202], France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and most renowned museums, including the Louvre, which is the most visited art museum in the world (5.7 million), the Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), mostly devoted to Impressionism, and Centre Georges Pompidou (1.2 million), dedicated to contemporary art. The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France, to distinguish it from the country's various overseas polities. The oldest traces of human life in what is now France date from approximately 1.8 million years ago. Disneyland Paris is Europe's most popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009. France has major military industries with one of the largest aerospace industries in the world.
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