4310: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, SEC. [48], The islands came under US government occupation in 1945 after the surrender of Japan ended World War II. Japan held the captain until 24 September. For example, the Taiwanese government recalled its highest representative to Japan in the wake of the 2008 collision. (1979), Fishery research by the Okinawa Prefecture (1981), Research on, Senkakus identified as a tactic. [23] China claims the discovery and ownership of the islands from the 14th century, while Japan maintained ownership of the islands from 1895 until its surrender at the end of World War II. – Zhongqi Pan. [154], The number of Scrambling by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force against foreign aircraft. [11] Following Inoue's advice, Yamagata Aritomo, the Minister of the Interior, turned down the request to incorporate the islands, insisting that this matter should not be "revealed to the news media". As of 2011[update], news organizations of various nations were monitoring developments and attempting to explain the causes of the crisis,[111] e.g., The historical record is a backdrop for each new incident in the unfolding chronology of these islands.[117][118]. The People's Daily, the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese name "Senkaku Shotō" and described the islands were a part of (then) U.S.-occupied Ryukyu Islands. Deux bombardiers B1 de l’US Air force ont pénétré la zone d’identification de défense aérienne chinoise lors d’un exercice maritime mardi 17 novembre. Mikinosuke also noted the large number of chickens and feral cats on the island, with dozens of cats descending on the seabirds at night. [119] Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that the islands belong to Taiwan, and any moves to deny this fact are invalid. The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895. In his letter, Acting Assistant Legal Adviser Robert Starr stated "The United States believes that a return of administrative rights over those islands to Japan, from which the rights were received, can in no way prejudice any underlying claims. The archipelago contains five uninhabited islands and three barren rocks, ranging in size from 800 m2 to 4.32 km2. [121] In June 2008 activists from Taiwan, accompanied by Chinese Coast Guard vessels, approached within 0.4 nautical miles (740 m) of the main island, from which position they circumnavigated the island in an assertion of sovereignty of the islands. Territorial sovereignty over the islands and the maritime boundaries around them are disputed between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Japan. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) respectively separately claim sovereignty based on arguments that include the following points: According to Chinese claims,[47] the islands were known to China since at least 1372,[54] had been repeatedly referred to as part of Chinese territory since 1534,[54] and were later controlled by the Qing dynasty along with Taiwan. Seventy five Taiwanese fishing vessels were escorted by ten Taiwanese Coast Guard vessels to the area, and the Taiwanese Coast Guard ships clashed with Japanese Coast Guard ships. In some cases, these incidents have resulted in a collision between boats. Chinese records of these islands date back to as early as the 15th century when they were referred as Diaoyu in books such as Voyage with a Tail Wind (Chinese: 順風相送; pinyin: Shùnfēng Xiāngsòng) (1403) [32] and Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryūkyū (Chinese: 使琉球錄; pinyin: Shĭ Liúqiú Lù) (1534). Mer de Chine, pôle Nord, golfe de Guinée. In July 2010, nine Japanese boats fished in the area. [152], The Japanese Coast Guard announced in June 2020 that Chinese government ships had been spotted for a record number of consecutive days in the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands. In 1996 the Hong Kong based activist David Chan Yuk-cheung drowned while attempting to swim to one of the islands. Adopted by the Chinese Imperial Map of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese name for the island group (Diaoyu) and the Japanese name for the main island (Uotsuri) both mean "fishing". Reception of the film was positive in Chinese media. Japan's central government completely owns Taisho island. Les tensions en mer de Chine orientale sont nombreuses pour diverses raisons et notamment pour le partage des ressources et du territoire des îles Senkaku-Diaoyu. [81], Albatross are observed in the islands. [11] Mainland China and Taiwan both dispute the Japanese claim by citing Yamagata Aritomo's reasons and decisions to turn down the request to incorporate the islands in 1885. [48], On September 11, 2012, the Japanese government nationalized its control over Minami-kojima, Kita-kojima, and Uotsuri islands by purchasing them from the Kurihara family for ¥2.05 billion. [34] This text, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ryūkyū Kingdom. On 23 November 2013, the PRC set up the "East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone" which includes the Senkaku Islands, and announced that it would require all aircraft entering the zone to file a flight plan and submit radio frequency or transponder information. Les tensions en mer de Chine orientale sont nombreuses pour diverses raisons et notamment pour le partage des ressources et du territoire des îles Senkaku-Diaoyu. It was the first meeting of the top diplomats since the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling against China's South China Sea claims[116][117] and was coincident with a three-party meeting (including South Korea) relative to a North Korean submarine-launched missile in the Sea of Japan. Seemingly, varieties of larger fish and animals inhabit or migrate through the area, including tunas, sharks, marlins, critically endangered hawksbill sea turtles, dolphins, pilot whales, sperm whales, and humpback whales.[91]. souveraineté japonaise sur les îles Senkaku (Par exemple, les îles Senkaku sont indiquées comme faisant paђtie de l’aђchipel d’Okinawa dans l’”Atlas du Monde“ publié en Chine en 1960). Les revendications officielles de la Chine et de Taïwan débutent réellement au début des années 1970. Diplomatic statements at the Japan-China Summit Meeting between Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and Premier Zhou Enlai on 27 September 1972. [10], Following the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formally annexed what was known as the Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. Les Japonais occupent les îles Senkaku/Diaoyu depuis plus d’un siècle. ", "The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space", "Statement of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China December 30, 1971", "Activist ship from Hong Kong briefly enters Japan's waters in protest over islands", "Officials drop plan to visit Diaoyutais", "Taiwan fishing boat repelled by Japanese ships near Diaoyutai", "China lambastes Japan after Taiwan boat confrontation", "Taiwan, Japan coastguards collide near islands", "Why Japan, South Korea, and China Are So Riled Up Over a Few Tiny Islands", "Japan deporting Chinese held over island landing", "Senior officials urge calm over islands dispute", "Taiwan boat leaves islands after Japan water cannon duel", "Taiwan fishing boat sunk by Japanese frigate", "Taiwan protests as Japan holds fishing boat captain", "High-seas collisions trigger Japan-China spat", "Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic", Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242", "China presses Japan over sea row as Tokyo voices concern", "Japanese activists arrive at disputed islands – Asia-Pacific", "Japan activists land on disputed islands amid China row", "Japan boats reach disputed islands amid China row", Nationalists exult in Senkaku isle landing, "Japan Will Have Busy Year Defending Islands Against China", "Chinese ships near disputed islands: Japan", "Japan protests Chinese plane entering their airspace", "China flies aircraft over disputed islands", "Local, Japan vessels clash off Diaoyutais", "China 'launches fighter jets' amid Japan dispute", "Japan Protests Chinese Ship's Alleged Use of Radar to Guide Missiles", "Japan Accuses China of Using Weapons Radar on Ship", "China refutes Japan's allegations on radar targeting", "China Denies Directing Radar at Japanese Naval Vessel and Copter", "PLA Navy's three fleets meet in South China Sea for rare show of force", Tokyo’s incitement incurs dangerous cycle, "China's Military Trains for War Against Japan", "Chinese signaling in the East China Sea? Samarang, Ishigaki fishermen fret over Senkaku encroachment, "BBC News - Japan confirms disputed islands purchase plan", Owner OK with metro bid to buy disputed Senkaku Islands, "Senate Endorses Okinawa Treaty; Votes 84 to 6 for Island's Return to Japan,", Jurisdiction over remote Senkakus comes with hot-button dangers. Les deux pays revendiquent la propriété de 6,7km2 d'îles inoccupées, appelées Senkaku en japonais et Diaoyu en chinois. Thus, China did not control the Senkaku Islands or Taiwan during the Ming Dynasty. [46] In the 1970s, Koga Tatsushirō's son Zenji Koga and Zenji's wife Hanako sold four islets to the Kurihara family of Saitama Prefecture. [103], In 2009, a hotline was agreed to (and in 2010 a military-to-military hotline), neither of which have been implemented. "Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond,", Senkaku Islands Bibliographical Materials Society, This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 13:22. They are located east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa Island, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895. The Japanese government points out that "the Treaty of Shimonoseki does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China, nothing in the negotiation history (or otherwise) supports the interpretation that the Senkaku Islands are included in the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to it in Article 2b of the Treaty," and had "incorporated the Senkaku Islands into Okinawa Prefecture before the treaty was signed. Since 2004, however, several events, including naval encounters, scrambled fighter jets, diplomatic efforts, and massive public protests, have heightened the dispute. [15] Japan points out that the islands were placed under the administration of the United States of America as part of the Ryukyu Islands, in accordance with Article III of the said treaty and China expressed no objection to the status of the Islands being under the administration of the United States under Article III of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Confirmed Japan's "Residual" Senkaku Sovereignty in 1971", "Treaty With Japan Covers Islets in China Spat: U.S. Official", "U.S. Senate reaffirms defense of Senkakus under Japan-U.S. pact", "H.R. [153], The number of Chinese vessels entering the territorial waters near the Senkaku Islands. Contents: Shun feng xiang song—Zhi nan zheng fa. The article published on 8 January 1953 titled "Battle of people in the Ryukyu Islands against the U.S. occupation"[20] wrote "The Ryukyu Islands lie scattered on the sea between the Northeast of Taiwan of China and the Southwest of Kyushu, Japan. (2002). In Yaeyama dialect, they are called iigunkubajima. There have been a number of public protests in all three countries, often triggered by the specific incidents noted above. Suga said “President-elect Biden gave me a commitment that Article 5 of the US-Japan security treaty applies to the Senkaku Islands”. [54], In 2005, a Japanese fisherman who owned a lighthouse at Uotsuri Island expressed his intention to relinquish the ownership of the lighthouse, and the lighthouse became a national property pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Code of Japan. Japanese allege that Taiwan and China only started claiming ownership of the islands in 1971, following a May 1969 United Nations report that a large oil and gas reserve may exist under the seabed near the islands. Îles Senkaku (pour le Japon) Îles Diaoyu (pour la Chine) C’est Quoi? Start managing the "Uotsuri Island Lighthouse" of the Senkaku Islands, "Japan Said to Have Tentative Deal to Buy 3 Disputed Islands from Private Owners", "Japan says it will purchase disputed islands from private owner, angering China", Taiwan activists threaten to land on Senkakus if Japan doesn’t remove facilities, How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties, China announces geographic codes for Diaoyu Islands, China releases official names of disputed islands, UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrals (ACAP), Breeding site details: Agincourt/P'eng-chia-Hsu, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan, "Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seas," p. 11, "Back arc extension in the Okinawa Trough,", Geology of Uotsuri-jima, Kita-kojima and Minami-kojima, "Geology of the Senkaku Islands | Info Library", p. 11; excerpt, "In 1893, Empress Dowager Tsu Shih of the Qing Dynasty issued an imperial edict .... China argues that discovery accompanied by some formal act of usage is sufficient to establish sovereignty over the islands. The issue of sovereignty has been carefully circumvented in bilateral fishing agreements. [44], The collective use of the name "Diaoyutai" to denote the entire group began with the advent of the controversy in the 1970s. [88][89], In May 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense criticized the Chinese territorial claim in a report titled "Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013."[90]. [61][62], These minor features in the East China Sea are located approximately 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles east of the Chinese mainland and 200 nautical miles southwest of the Japanese island of Okinawa. Depuis quelques années, elles font lobjet dune forte médiatisation internationale. D’ailleurs, Pékin et Taiwan les revendiquent depuis qu’une étude des Nations unies a indiqué, en 1969, que cet archipel recèle des gisements de pétrole et de gaz. After China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895 that stipulated, among other things, that China would cede to Japan "the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa (Taiwan)",[13] but yet the treaty does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan. According to PRC, Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek failed to protest American decisions with regard to the disposition of the islands because he depended on the US for support. "[101], In 1969, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands. Le lendemain, Xi Jinping a appelé au multilatéralisme afin de garantir la paix et la stabilité mondiale devant une probable escalade. In 2012, President of Taiwan Ma Ying-Jeou proposed the East China Sea Peace Initiative, which called for the sharing of the region's resources, including the Senkaku Islands, mediated by peaceful negotiations, international law, and international consensus. The first major set of protests revolved around the 2010 boat collision, with protests being held in Japan, China, and Taiwan. The People's Republic and Taiwan claim that the islands have been a part of Chinese territory since at least 1534. An expert in international law, says "We know the Ming had effective control only of the coastal area from other historical sources. This contradicts Beijing's claim that China have controlled Senkaku Islands since the Ming dynasty about 600 years ago and underlines Japan's position that they are an inherent part of this country's territory. In the treaty of San Francisco, Japan explicitly relinquished the control of Taiwan/Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to it. Ils sont inhabités, de topographie rocailleuse comme le rappelle le toponyme japonais senkaku dérivé du terme anglais pinnacle (« tour pointue »). The letter is on exhibition at Yaeyama museum. Other, nearby islands were described as large rocks covered by low vegetation.[30]. The 10-page document titled "Draft outline on issues and arguments on parts concerning territories in the peace treaty with Japan"[29] says the Ryukyus "consist of three parts—northern, central, and southern. "[30] The parentheses appear in the original. [42], In the 1870s and 1880s, the English name Pinnacle Islands was used by the British navy for the rocks adjacent to the largest island Uotsuri-shima / Diaoyu Dao (then called 和平嶼 hô-pîng-sū, "Peace Island" in Hokkien); Kuba-shima / Huangwei Yu (then called Ti-a-usu); and Taishō-tō / Chiwei Yu. [36], In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation. "[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][excessive citations], A Chinese diplomatic draft written by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC on 15 May 1950 referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese name "Senkaku shotō" and "Sentō Shosho" and indicated Chinese recognition of the islands as part of the Ryukyu Islands. Flora found on Uotsuri includes: Podocarpus macrophyllus, Ficus benjamina, Livistona chinensis, Arenga engleri, Pouteria obovata, Scaevola taccada, Heliotropium foertherianum, Lotus australis, Thuarea involuta, Liparis formosana, Pemphis acidula, Houstonia micrantha, Zoysia matrella, Peucedanum japonicum,[87] Asplenium antiquum, Asplenium nidus, Daphne kiusiana, Aster taiwanensis, Hypericum senkakuinsulare, Machilus thunbergii, Eria ovate, Trichoglottis ionosma, Lemmaphyllum microphyllum, Oberonia anthropophora,Crepidomanes minutum,[89] Abelmoschus moschatus, Lotus taitungensis, Blutaparon wrightii, Hedyotis strigulosa, Miscanthus condensatus, Sphagnum palustre, Limonium sinense, Vitex rotundifolia, Euphorbia chamissonis, Fimbristylis cymosa, Lysimachia mauritiana, Peucedanum japonicum and Sedum formosanum. A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, "The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space". The islands are included within the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, meaning that a defense of the islands by Japan would require the United States to come to Japan's aid. "[31] suggesting the Chinese government did not consider the islands part of Taiwan. 150 km au nord de l'île d'Yonaguni, Japon; 3. [56] Although the Treaty did not specifically name every ceded island, the PRC and ROC argue that Japan did not include the islands as part of Okinawa Prefecture prior to 1894, and that the eventual inclusion occurred only as a consequence of China's cession of Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War. Mais réduire l’Asie à ces deux mastodontes serait insultant, on peut donner quelques exemples : on décompte ainsi environ … James Colnett, 地政事務所名稱(代碼) 宜蘭(GB) 鄉鎮市區名稱(代碼) 頭城鎮(02){...}段 小段 代碼 備註{...}釣魚台 0568 赤尾嶼 0569 黃尾嶼 0570 北小島 0571{...}南小島 0572, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. [16], Korean academic Lee Seokwoo notes that "The significance of subsequent acts and behaviour of the interested parties is dependent upon the determination of the applicable critical date, which is defined as 'the date by reference to which a territorial dispute must be deemed to have crystallized,' since the outcome of this dispute will be fundamentally different depending on whether the critical date is January 1895, as claimed by Chinese side, when Japan incorporated Senkaku Islands into Japanese territory, or February 1971 in the case of Taiwan, or December 1971 in the case of China, when Japan made known its official standpoint with the signing of the Okinawa Reversion Treaty, as claimed by Japan. In ascending order of distances, the island cluster is located: The depth of the surrounding waters of the continental shelf is approximately 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) except for the Okinawa Trough on the south. [54], From 2002 to 2012, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications paid the Kurihara family ¥25 million a year to rent Uotsuri, Minami-Kojima and Kita-Kojima. [46] However, supporters of China's claim that the sovereignty dispute is a legacy of Japanese imperialism and that China's failure to secure the territory following Japan's military defeat in 1945 was due to the complexities of the Chinese Civil War in which the Kuomintang (KMT) were forced off the mainland to Taiwan in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party. "[57], Regarding Japan's argument about the 1953 People's Daily, Jin Canrong, a professor at Renmin University of China thinks that the article, which is anonymous, implies that Ryukyu Islands should be a sovereign state, also independent from Japan. In December 2012, China submitted information to the U.N. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf regarding China's extended continental shelf in the East China Sea that includes the disputed islands. [83], Permission for collecting herbs on three of the islands was recorded in an Imperial Chinese edict of 1893. The Japanese government made a formal diplomatic protest to China. 145–167, 157. Accordingly, and having regard to the various factual and legal issues explored above, one is inclined to conclude that Japan has a stronger claim to the disputed islands. Elles font partie de l’archipel Sakishima, avec les […] Les îles Senkaku (Diaoyutai) font l’objet d’un litige territorial entre la Chine et le Japon. [130] On 7 September 2010, a Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the islands. [104], Explanations of the manifold causes of the intensified conflict involving the Senkaku Islands vary. It also says "It should be studied whether the Senkaku Islands should be incorporated into Taiwan due to an extremely close distance. In Article 2(b) the Treaty stated that "the island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa" should be ceded to Japan. [134] In August 2012, Ganbare Nippon organized a group of four vessels carrying Japanese activists travelling to the islands,[135] carrying about 150 Japanese activists. Ce dernier affirme qu’il les occupe depuis 1895, tandis que Pékin rappelle que sur les cartes japonaises de 1783 et de 1785 les îles Diaoyu sont désignées comme un territoire chinois. [107] An analysis of incidents and issues require distinguishing between disputes which are primarily over territory and those which merely have a territorial component. [169][170][171], China decided to implement an "Air Defense Identification Zone" around the islands and the broader region in order to "guard against potential air threats," according to the defence ministry. Premier Zhou replied, "It only became an issue because of the oil out there. The following points are given: After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government surveyed the islands in 1885, which found that the islands were terra nullius and that there was no evidence to suggest that they had ever been under Chinese control. [86] The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) has also been noted to be present on Uotsuri. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senkaku_Islands_dispute&oldid=992232899, Territorial disputes of the Republic of China, Articles with dead external links from August 2012, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from May 2019, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [2] Aside from a 1945 to 1972 period of administration by the United States as part of the Ryukyu Islands, the archipelago has been controlled by Japan since 1895. Although Chinese authorities did not assert claims to the islands while they were under US administration, formal claims were announced in 1971 when the US was preparing to end its administration. Inoue was concerned that if Japan proceeded to erect a landmark stating its claim to the islands, it would make the Qing empire suspicious. [120] The Nationalist Party also condemned the council's move, saying the Islands are ROC territory and the nation would not give up even “an inch” of its sovereignty. Due to the introduction of domestic goats to the island in 1978, the Senkaku mole is now an endangered species. Status of Forces Agreement. The business failed around 1940 and the islands have remained deserted ever since. [32][33], There are many official maps published by both Chinas after 1945 that support they did not recognize their sovereignty over the islands and they recognized the islands as Japanese territory. [33], The Japanese central government annexed the islands in early 1895 while still fighting China in the First Sino-Japanese War. He also described the air of Uotsuri as swarming with bluebottle flies and mosquitoes. [131][132] Though the islands were controlled by the United States as an occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands. Depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et le congrès de San Francisco en 1951, le contrôle des îles Senkaku situées dans la mer de Chine fait l'objet d'une controverse. [47] The earliest written record of Diaoyutai dates back to 1403 in a Chinese book Voyage with the Tail Wind (zh:順風相送),[55] which recorded the names of the islands that voyagers had passed on a trip from Fujian to the Ryukyu Kingdom. Japanese allege that Taiwan and China only started claiming ownership of the islands in 1971, following a May 1969 United Nations report that a large oil and gas reserve may exist under the seabed near the islands. Kentaro Serita (芹田 健太郎) of Kobe University points out that the official history book of the Ming Dynasty compiled during the Qing Dynasty, called the History of Ming (明史), describes Taiwan in its "Biographies of Foreign Countries" (外国列传) section. [14], Both PRC and ROC asserted sovereignty over the islands. On 23 November 2013, China then sent air force jets, including fighter planes, to carry out a patrol mission. [9], In 2014, Taiwan (ROC) and Japan came to an agreement on fishing in the waters around the islands. SENSE OF THE SENATE ON THE SITUATION IN THE SENKAKU ISLANDS", "Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013", "US senators blast China's use of force in sea disputes", "Senate Resolution 167-Reaffirming the strong support of the United States for the peaceful resolution of territorial, sovereignty, and jurisdictional disputes in the Asia-Pacific maritime domains", "US Senate okays reso on South China Sea disputes", "US needs more amphibious lift in Pacific: commander", "Hagel: U.S. strongly committed to protecting Japan", "Joint Press Conference with President Obama and Prime Minister Abe of Japan", "U.S.-Japan Joint Statement:The United States and Japan: Shaping the Future of the Asia-Pacific and Beyond", "Biden says US-Japan defence treaty applies to disputed Senkaku Islands", The Management of Marine Regions: the North Pacific, "Explaining Stability in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute," pp.
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