By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. [71], The majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism). [110] In addition, organizations such as Save the Children have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers. 90 % environ de ses 10 millions d’habitants vivent dans la partie sud du pays, celle située au nord s’avançant profondément … [94][95], The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. [16] French rule in Chad was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. [40][66] At 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of Sub-Saharan Africa. [130], The music group Chari Jazz formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Critère (ix) : La zone du lac Tchad présente une grande diversité d’écosystèmes inhabituellement rencontrées dans les régions arides. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.[116]. Avec ses 1,28 million de kilomètres carrés, il est plus vaste que le Nigeria et deux fois plus grand que l’État du Texas. [70] Christianity arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated United Front for Democratic Change or FUC soldiers into the Chadian Army. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, Ahmat Taboye, published his Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne to further knowledge of Chad's literature internationally and among youth and to make up for Chad's lack of publishing houses and promotional structure. utilisation de l’eau Les principaux secteurs d’utilisation d’eau sont: l’élevage, l’agriculture, les industries, les usages domestiques, les écosystèmes … "Tableau des codes des circonscritions – Ministère de l'Intérieur", April 2008. [41], Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. [120] In September 2010 the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million. As of 2013[update] Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways. Les zones humides sahéliennes au défi du changement global . [48][49], Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and many species of snakes are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century. Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état. [10] Chad's cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation. The life expectancy is 52 years. Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (Operation Épervier). Plusieurs … [130], Landlocked country in northern central Africa, This article is about the country. [79] Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 named Chad (tied with Bangladesh) as the most corrupt country in the world. [87] Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American Exxon company in 1999. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. [131] Carcaje is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. [17], The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The 2010 feature film A Screaming Man won the Jury Prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition. [40] Six national holidays are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of Easter Monday and the Muslim holidays of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, and Eid Milad Nnabi. Afrique suprarégionale Adaptation au changement climatique du bassin du lac Tchad ETUDE SUR LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE . Long-standing community culture is being eroded – and so are the livelihoods of many farmers. Sa superficie s’étend aujourd’hui sur moins de 2'000 km 2 . Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. [10] These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves. [129], Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. Among the most internationally renowned writers are Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990. Evaluation des performances agronomiques des variétés améliorées de maïs (Zea mays L.) en milieu paysan dans la zone soudanienne du Tchad. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet, and as coshate when from white millet. [66][99] On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes. The other major towns are Sarh, Moundou, Abéché and Doba, which are considerably smaller but growing rapidly in population and economic activity. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. [32], In 2006 Déby won a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Architecture du financement climatique mondial et en Afrique La GIZ et l’Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS) vous invitent au webinaire sur l’architecture du financement climatique mondial et en Afrique. [62] Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa. Deputies elect a National Assembly president every two years. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. Les rapports du Groupe d’Experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat (GIEC) indiquent que la région du lac Tchad compte parmi les zones les plus affectées par le changement climatique (GIEC, 2007). D’une manière générale, elles sont mal conservées et font l’objet d’une dégradation notable. Rehabilitation of Cotontchad, a major cotton company weakened by a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). from CARE, Action Contre la Faim France, Oxfam. Report. Information Administration: Chad and Cameroon, Banque Centrale des Etats d'Afrique The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Two other states in the region, Sultanate of Bagirmi and Wadai Empire emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. But, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. [52], Efforts have been made by the Food and Agriculture Organization to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development. La tendance pluviométrique dans les départements Mono-Couffo connait une baisse et ceci influence non seulement l’activité agricole mais aussi sur les autres activités socio-économiques dont l’activité pastorale qui a besoin des ressources en fourrage et en eau [7]. [66], Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad. Le pays est donc exposé aux aléas climatiq… Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. An elevation of 3,445 m at its peak, making it the highest mountain in Chad, and the highest in the Sahara. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country. [40][96], Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. Le présent document a été élaboré dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des Conventions de la … Adaptation au changement climatique du bassin du lac Tchad ETUDE SUR LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE. In 1965, Muslims in the north, led by the National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), began a civil war. [111], Civil war crippled the development of transport infrastructure; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres (19 mi) of paved roads. [66][75], The National Assembly makes legislation. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly. Pays enclavé de l’Afrique Centrale, le Tchad est situé entre les 7° et le 24° de latitude Nord et les 13° et 24° de longitude Est. Il est également considéré comme particulièrement exposé aux effets du changement climatique (PNUE). Download : 102851-wp-p149275-v2-box394845b-public … The region became a crossroads of civilizations. As of 2002, there were at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Le TCHAD est caractérisé par un climat de type continental chaud, avec une pluviométrie qui varie, du Nord au Sud du pays, entre 100 mm et 1.200 mm par an, influençant largement le système de production agricole. [82], In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more and more common. [68][69] Among Muslims, 48% professed to be Sunni, 21% Shia, 4% Ahmadi and 23% just Muslim. Ces nouvelles … [138] Issa Serge Coelo directed the films, Daresalam and DP75: Tartina City. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. [5] Chad is part of the Bank of Central African States, the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 20:36. With French support, a modernization of the Chadian armed forces was initiated in 1991. They frequently turn violent. LA STRATEGIE ET PLAN D’ACTION POUR LE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES POUR LA GESTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT AU TCHAD . Itinerant Muslim preachers, primarily from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, also visit. As of 2008[update], the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central African Republic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persons. Il y a quarante ans, le Lac Tchad s’étendait sur 25’000 km 2 . The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the Chad National Museum and the Chad Cultural Centre. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. Higher education is provided at the University of N'Djamena. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Emi Koussi volcano in the Tibesti massif. This can also be related to the issue of child labor as the report also stated that 53% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children, and that 30% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and kodjo drums; and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments. [40] The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems. [118], The telecommunication system is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company SotelTchad. From 24 000 km 2 in the 1960s, the lake is no larger than 2000 km 2 today. La zone du lac Tchad, avec les variations du plan d’eau, peut . The former sultan's palace in the village of Gaoui just east of N'Djamena it houses now a small museum of the Sao culture. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction. Neigbouring Libya claimes and occupies the Aozou Strip (blue) from 1976 to 1987. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 percent of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. Members of the Baháʼí and Jehovah's Witnesses religious communities also are present in the country. [71], Roman Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly acacias) gradually gives way to the south to East Sudanian savanna in Chad's Sudanese zone. Lake Chad, the main water source in Central Africa is under disappearance. Cette pluviométrie est caractérisée surtout par une très forte variabilité annuelle avec un risque important de sécheresse. 4 L’irrigation en Afrique en chiffres – Enquête AQUASTAT 2005 également être considérée comme zone humide. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. [63], The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. The president has the power to appoint the prime minister and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms. [80] Chad's ranking on the index has improved only marginally in recent years. [121], Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city. [10][40], Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Cette … [42], The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains, which include Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of Douala.[114]. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and these with much lower yields than in the south. [40][46], Each year a tropical weather system known as the intertropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of sorghum and millet. [38] The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. [66] Since then, 78 registered political parties have become active. Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête, Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project, "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency", "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa", Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development, "Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005", World Bank, Govt. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount. [96] The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development. Chad ranked number 148 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 142 in 2013. Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Chadians approved a new constitution by referendum, and in 1996, Déby easily won a competitive presidential election. Une illustration du phénomène du changement climatique est le cas du Lac Tchad dont la superficie est passée de 25,000 km2 à près de 1,500 de nos jours. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. GEF . It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. [23] Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before[24] and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil. Les principes en sont de profiter à la fois de la complémentarité des ressources naturelles disponibles au Nord et au Sud du pays et de relations sociales fortes entre groupes nomades et populations sédentaires des régions qu’ils traversent. Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. [9][10], For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary people. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975,[20] but the insurgency continued. [13] In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. [38][39] Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and 24°E. The president is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005 constitutional term limits were removed,[74] Coordinates: 15°N 19°E / 15°N 19°E / 15; 19. The parastatal is now expected to be privatised. Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca. Only the Sara of the south was governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. Déby relies on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the Chadian army logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated inter-ethnic tensions. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against President Idriss Déby that had been in preparation for several months. Le bassin du Tchad, une source de vie pour l'homme, la nature et la paix 04.10.2019. Representations accredited in Chad, Diplomatic Representations of Chad abroad, Institut National de la Statistique des Etudes Economiques et Demographiques, Energy International audienc Topics: [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, [SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social … on Research in Primary Education. Basketball and freestyle wrestling are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust. He won a second term five years later. For the given name, see, Largest cities, towns, and municipalities, Internal opposition and foreign relations. In the north this dish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya.