Lej... View Lejzer (Sylvain) Szmul Tendler's genealogy profile; 10/1/2019 5/7/2020 Follow; Erich Kolb MP (1925 - 1942) Erich KOLB: b. L'Union générale des Israélites de France face aux réalités de la Shoah, : Editions Liana Levi. her brother Robert Bensoussam, an internee in the Drancy Camp. : Blum, Reimagined by Gibon, design of warm cheerful glowing of brightness and light rays radiance. As early as September 1941, the situation in the camp was alarming: many cases of tuberculosis were recorded and some detainees were literally beginning to starve to death. Oui, certains allaient sans doute rester derrière, quelle que soit l’issue du creusage. Please practice hand-washing and social distancing, and check out our resources for adapting to these times. Robert Blum • 21 Pins. Under the new system, the deportees no longer had their heads shaved, they were allowed to smoke, Jewish religious services and instruction were authorized within the camp, and the infirmary was repainted. Pour faire évader 40 hommes, un trou à rats aurait largement suffi. He was arrested in Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire on February 24, 1944, detained for four days at the Orléans military prison, and died of pneumonia on March 5, 1944, less than a week after being transferred to the Drancy camp. Néfertiti. View the profiles of people named Roberta Blum. Of the 285 cadres and members of the Jewish service d’ordre (security force), 70 were aware of the escape plans. . From autumn 1943 until August 17, 1944, when Aloïs Brunner left with the last deportation convoy, the UGIF was the main link between the detainees and civil society, and practically the only connection between them. Ullmo en profitera pour monter une équipe de tunneliers, «un quart de l’administration juive du camp de Drancy», écrivent Michel Laffitte et Annette Wieviorka dans A l’intérieur du camp de Drancy (2). Quasi incontesté au moment des accords d'Oslo, le concept de «solution à deux Etats» comme seule issue au conflit israélo-palestinien est remis en cause de plus en plus ouvertement, y compris parmi ses premiers défenseurs. Find the travel option that best suits you. En novembre 1943, le tunnel fait plus de 35 mètres. Que sait-on de la scène de «bizutage» filmée dans le commissariat du XIXe arrondissement de Paris ? Drancy (France : Concentration Camp) Éclaireurs Israélites de France. He was a deputy to Reinhard Heydrich. Pas de colère, d’incompréhension. The struggle for the preservation of the site. The camp itself had developed into an insulated concentration-camp society, obeying its own laws and codes. A truck from Buttes-Chaumont (in the Northeast of ) came to the Drancy camp, and a sound engineer brought a boom microphone which was held through the barbed-wire fence. Nous sommes à l'heure actuelle neuf survivants (Serge Bouder, Eugène Handschuh, Louis Handschuh, Jean Oppenheimer, Claude Rain, Roger Schandalow, Michel Sciama, André Ullmo, Samuel-… Mais finalement, un ami nous a prévenus que mon père revenait.» Oscar, blessé en sautant du train, avait fini par se résoudre, au petit matin, à frapper à la première porte d’un village. No, there is no direct bus from Calais to Drancy. «Dans la famille, on a toujours été à gauche, poursuit Eugène Handschuh. «On avait des faux papiers, qui arrivaient à expiration ; il fallait récupérer les nouveaux à notre ancien domicile dans le Marais. His wife Jeanne Wildenstein , born 24 September 1889 in Wintzenheim (Haut-Rhin) and their adoptive daughter (name not mentioned) were deported on convoi 71, which left Drancy for Auschwitz on 13 April 1944. On November 9, 1943, before the escape could take place, the tunnel was discovered by the Germans. Puis une «récompense». Ça a duré peut-être un an. The UGIF entered into a contract with André Lainé, a public works company. Mon père comme nous. Brunner had forbidden the use of money within the camp, and he had the prisoners issued receipts redeemable in zlotys, the Polish currency, before they were deported. Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais département in Northern France) in 1856.His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. Silence. On tombait dans les pommes. From August 20, 1941, the La Muette complex received 4,232 Jews who had been rounded up in the eastern neighborhoods of , particularly the 11th arrondissement (district), during a three-day operation ordered by the Germans and instigated by Theodor Dannecker, the SS Judenreferent (a Nazi intelligence officer in charge of a special unit responsible for deporting Jews). «On sait qu’il n’y a rien de bon, rappelle l’historien Tal Bruttmann. Click on the Bus route to see step by step directions with maps, line arrival times and updated time schedules. It was proclaimed by Marshal Philippe Pétain following the military defeat of France and the July 10 vote by the National Assembly to grant extraordinary powers to Pétain, who held the title of President of the Council. Au début, je ne savais pas ce que c’était. Nevertheless, by the end of the year, 3,000 Jews were still detained there. Trouver des trajets adaptés aux voyageurs en fauteuil roulant. «Nous avions calculé pouvoir sortir le 11 novembre, avait raconté Roger Schandalow, un des membres de l’héroïque équipe, dans l’Humanité. With Blum gone, Serge Denham, one of the co-founders of World Art, took over as company director. This internal police force was descended from the M.S., or “Surveillance Members”, a service the detainees had been allowed to organize in August 1942 in order to keep order themselves, and thus, to avoid suffering the brutality and thievery of the Jewish Affairs Police and the French gendarmes during searches. He wrote of his experience between 1942 and 1943, and went on to become a novelist and cinema screenwriter, in particular for Louis Malle’s 1958 film entitled Ascensceur pour l’échafaud, released under the title Frantic in the United States and Lift to the Scaffold in the United Kingdom (Calef, 1997). Of the 15 officers and gendarmes prosecuted, 10 were referred to the Court of Justice, of which 7 attended the trial. Mayor of Decazeville, starting in 1919, he served as the first Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic in 1947. Wellers, G., 1946, De Drancy à Auschwitz. The UGIF was made the camp’s exclusive supplier of foodstuffs, which were paid for by the Prefecture of the Seine region, based on a daily count of the detainees (Laffitte, 2003). Législatives : au Venezuela, fausses victoires et grande gagnante Abonnés, Plus de 11 000 nouveaux cas de Covid-19 en 24h, nouvelles fouilles dans l'affaire Estelle Mouzin, Maduro s'empare du Parlement au Venezuela... L'actu de ce lundi matin, Mobilités : l’Etat doit se donner les moyens de ses ambitions climatiques, Jocelyne Porcher : «Il existe une autre voie, c’est l’élevage paysan» Abonnés, Florence Burgat : «La viande de synthèse répond aux contradictions contemporaines» Abonnés, Connie Converse, les chants du départ Abonnés, «La modestie du projet, c’est ce qui enflammait le récit» Abonnés, Loi climat : Barbara Pompili essaie de faire retomber la température, Les six lignes rouges des 150 citoyens de la Convention pour le climat Abonnés, Convention climat : «On a été écoutés. Underlines the role and activities of the French authorities (gendarmerie, police, and the Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives) responsible (along with the Nazis) for repressions, roundups, and deportations. Le 16 mai 1989, Marcel et Mariette Médard seront faits «Juste parmi les nations». Blum axioms, in computational complexity theory; Blum integer, in mathematics; Blum's speedup theorem, in computational complexity theory; Other uses. He has edited two books, and has written over 300 journal articles, book chapters and special reports. Genealogy for Robert Emmanuel Brunschwig (1888 - 1944) family tree on Geni, with over 200 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. On September 23, 1942, he was shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was later killed by the Nazis. From Drancy, they were deported in six convoys to concentration camps in German-occupied Poland, primarily Auschwitz. «Pour moi, ça ne faisait pas l’ombre d’un doute. Monument dedicated to Drancy prisoners, by Shlomo Selinger. Heureusement, les frères Roger et Georges Gerschel, deux rugbymen, arrachent les barreaux. Abonnés. The monument comprises many references to Jewish culture and religion. This was the case for the diary that dentist Benjamin Schatzman kept during detention, before his deportation to Auschwitz in September 1942. Peschanski, D., 2002, La France des camps. Combien reste-t-il à creuser ? Oradour-sur-Glane : qui est le négationniste dont le nom a été tagué sur le mémorial ? En septembre 1943, un groupe de détenus du camp de Drancy commence à creuser un tunnel sous le camp de Drancy, Une quarantaine de prisonniers juifs participent à cette entreprise [1].. Les deux iniateurs du projet sont le colonel Robert Blum (Drancy) et Georges Kohn [2].. Robert Blum alias Beaudricourt crée et dirige Combat (Résistance) [3] dans le Var. The service was managed by Juliette Stern, who was responsible for finding foster care for children over the age of 15 without caregivers, and for investigating the conditions of foster care within the families concerned. Professor and Chair of the Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. L'arrêté de classement de la Cité de la Muette à Drancy, signé par la ministre de la Culture le 25 mai, parle \"d'un tunnel creusé par des internés\". The problem of the existence of an interment camp at the very heart of a town in the area raises questions about the attitude of the surrounding population, about what they heard or saw, their reactions throughout the occupation and their memories of the events. Eugène pousse un très long soupir. Wieviorka, A., 1992, Déportation et génocide. Best joined the NSDAP with member number 341,338. Et les représailles ?». : Tallandier. Quand on lui pose la question, la moustache d’Eugène frémit. Coordinates. The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide WL1704; English; 1 folder; Updated 6 years ago This collection consists of the biographical accounts of three German Jewish families, compiled by Richard Lesser as part of a German initiative to record the … Very few survived. Alentours du site mémoriel." The cheapest way to get from Drancy to Pilsley costs only £35, and the quickest way takes just 6¾ hours. In summer 1943, the managers and workers of the Lainé company (which is still conducting business in the region today) used their skills for the modernization of the camp. On November 4, 1997, the day before his trial for being an accessory to crimes against humanity, Maurice Papon (a French civil servant under the Vichy regime who collaborated with Nazi Germany in deporting French Jews) accused Yves Jouffa of having been a “guard at the Drancy camp.” Papon was referring to a document that had been distributed via a website named “Radio Islam,” and created on March 1, 1987 in Stockholm by Ahmed Rami, a former Moroccan officer. Nous n’étions pas si nombreux à savoir nous battre, à en avoir la force. : Editions de l'Olivier-Le Seuil. Ni sur la peur permanente. Peschanski, D., 2002, Lettres de Drancy. This latrine building became a hub of rumors, which crystallized hopes of liberation, and consequently became known as “Toilet Radio” (“Radio chiottes”). J’ai mis aux voix. Sur ce papier, un nom. Voilà à quoi tient la survie. "» Laissés seuls dans la cave, une discussion s’engage. Père et fils, toujours ensemble. Blum, Texas, a town; Blum Basin Falls, a waterfall in Washington; Blum Lakes, six lakes in Washington; Science and technology. The following day, a German counselor, Lippert, arrived at the Drancy camp. Ce sera une rude blessure de guerre pour les évadés. Que savaient-ils, quand ils sont montés dans le convoi 51 le 20 novembre 1943, de leur possible avenir ? On July 4, Robert Blum was appointed to the position of head of the camp administration bureau. It was the only time a convoy of Jews was deported from France in third-class passenger cars. Le tunnel aussi a été oublié. Après j’ai su.» Il fait une pause. Blum (surname), including a list of people with the name Charles Magny, the Préfet of the Seine (the civil servant responsible for administering this region), had his men carry out the arrests under the supervision of the German military, without prior authorization from the Vichy government. After receiving specialized artillery … See more ideas about holocaust victims, holocaust, auschwitz. A number of accounts were written while the memories were still fresh. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II. In 2000, American photographer William Betsch informed the French authorities that the renovation works undertaken by the office HLM de la Cité de la Muette (public housing office of the La Muette housing development) were in danger of distorting the memory of the former camp. Il va s’adjoindre les services d’André Ullmo pour mettre en place une hiérarchie de près de 285 chefs de bloc et chefs d’escalier. Between July 31 and August 26, a total of 4,000 children from the Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande camps passed through Drancy, and stayed there for a few hours before they were deported to the Auschwitz gas chambers. See what Robert Blum (gothicmon) has discovered on Pinterest, the world's biggest collection of ideas. Ce qui voulait dire des femmes et des enfants enfermés dans les caves, sans nourriture. La famille Handschuh, sans la mère dont ils ont été séparés lors de l’arrestation, y arrive au moment où le SS Alois Brunner en prend la direction. Different associations preserve the memory of the victims through publications, conferences, and the presentation of witness accounts to schoolchildren. En 2001, un arrêté classe la cité de la Muette (où était installé le camp de Drancy), tunnel compris, parmi les monuments et les sites protégés de France. Classic art reinvented with a modern twist. About Louise Marguerite Blum Est inscrite sur le Mur des Noms en tant que Marguerite BLUM née le 17/08/1873 à ASNIERES, déportée à Auschwitz par le convoi n° 64 au départ de Drancy … «Quand on a vu les autres, dans la gare… des déchets humains, des rapatriés, des travailleurs obligatoires, on n’était pas mieux qu’eux. : Le Seuil, Prix Goncourt. : Berger frères. «C’est ce qu’on a fait. English edition: Schwarz-Bart, A., 2000, The Last of the Just, translated by S. Becker, ____: Overlook TP. Though they lived in the fear of having to personally replace a missing detainee who was meant to be deported, these persons gradually developed the idea of a great escape plan. Gogle maps : google maps 2019 street view google maps directions Puis comme point de départ vers les installations d’extermination. Direction notre planque. Others were acquitted, such as Chief Warrant Officer Jean Laurent, and the gendarmes Victor Lambert and Louis Lucas. From then on, the buildings were heated and detainees were allowed to receive food parcels – without tobacco, however, as it was one of the main goods sold on the black market, which the French gendarmes had frequently initiated. When Judenreferent Dannecker went to Berlin for his wedding, the German military command took advantage of his absence to allow Dr. Tisné, the Prefecture of Police doctor, to select 870 detainees to be released from the Drancy camp. 423-457), "Destins croisés", recounts three encounters which relate to the Shoah: the first with dancer and choreographer René Blum, whom he met in Drancy in August 1942 (he did not survive); the second with the fiancé of Madeleine Lévy (Alfred Dreyfus' granddaughter), in Warsaw in 1943 (both of them did not survive); the third with Béla Harap after the war. Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.It was an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when Berlin took full control. C’était dur.», Dures aussi seront les accusations de collaboration, ou pire d’égoïsme, qui viendront plus tard hanter les survivants de ce groupe. In total, 76,000 Jews were deported from France to the concentration camps, most of them passing through the Drancy detention center outside Paris. M.4 - Bulletins of the Vaad Hahatzalah (Rescue Council) of the Jewish Agency in Eretz Israel, 1937-1959; הועד ליהודי אירופה הכבושה שעל יד הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל ביולטין, יוני 1944 Jusqu’à ce que des travaux pour la construction d’un gymnase ne mettent au jour ses fondations en 1980. A decree signed on May 25, 2001 by Minister of Culture Catherine Tasca classified the La Muette complex as one of France’s protected monuments and sites. Il sait comment s’y prendre : «Mais eux, c’était un trou à rats»…. En Cisjordanie, les ruines d’un pouvoir illusoire, Pierre Goldman, sexe, mensonges et idéaux, «Beyrouth entre parenthèses», la tentation de l’autre. A-t-on été entendus ?» Abonnés, Equidés mutilés : la piste humaine petit à petit abandonnée. C’est sans doute ici que l’idée du tunnel de Drancy va naître. The deportations began again the following year, and some 8,000 deportees left the camp in 8 convoys between February 9 and March 25, 1943. Three blocks set on a paved mound make up the letter shin, which is engraved on the mezuzah placed upon the doorposts of Jewish homes. 41. Parlements poussiéreux, casino désaffecté… De Ramallah aux faubourgs de Jérusalem, il ne reste des institutions censées incarner l’Etat palestinien que des bâtiments à l’abandon, symbole de l’immobilisme des autorités et d’un toujours plus enlisé. Mais il y avait d’autres résistants, des gaullistes. Drancy is the same assembly point my Aunt Susanne was deported from on September 7, 1942, also destined for Auschwitz, although she had transited through Camp des Milles. Aujourd’hui, le jour où Pétain durcit le premier projet de loi qui porte sur le «statut des Juifs». Klarsfeld, S., S. Cohen and H. M. Epstein (Eds. At first I believed that M. Papon was alluding to Robert Blum, who signed his notes (including those relating to the preparation of deportation convoys): "Lieutenant-Colonel Blum, Commandant of Drancy Camp" (Maurice Rajsfus, Drancy, Manya, 1991, pp. However, there are services departing from Calais Ferry and arriving at Jouhaux - Blum via Gallieni. Likewise, the term “camp guard” is far from reality, considering the UGIF never provided cadres to administrate the Drancy camp, never established lists of deportees, and certainly never “sorted” men and women before deportation, as Maurice Papon claimed in reference to the Mérignac camp, near Bordeaux. Alfred Dreyfus was born in Mulhouse, Alsace, on October 9, 1859. «Si ça ne marche pas, explique l’historien Tal Bruttmann, c’est toi qui paies le prix.» La plupart des tâches quotidiennes leur sont donc confiées. 2 mètres ? Il dit les choses simplement, ce qui veut tout dire : «Il y avait des vieillards, des enfants… mais que ferait-on sans utopie ? «Les Allemands nous ont dit, parlant du tunnel : "Vous avez fait un beau travail, on ne pensait pas que les Juifs étaient capables de faire ça. She had found employment as a linen maid at the UGIF boarding school, on rue Vauquelin in . On a pris un billet et à 6 heures du matin, on était à Paris. Early life Youth and family. It had considered opening an international centre for research on different forms of exclusion at La Muette, in partnership and solidarity with the Island of Gorée in Senegal (a main point of departure of slaves taken from Africa), a place of remembrance of the slave trade, and Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned under the South African apartheid regime. Massine left the company in 1943. Prison dès 1940, elle sert à la détention des Juifs depuis l’été 1941. However, its employees were forbidden to have contact with them, and no longer had the right to physically enter the camp. 65,000 Jews were deported from Drancy, of whom 63,000 were murdered including 6,000 children.Only 2,000 remained alive when Allied forces liberated the camp on 17 August 1944. Législatives en Roumanie : abstention record, «la faute à la pandémie» ? (Robert Blum used to sign his notes, including those relating to the preparation of deportation convoys, “Lieutenant Colonel Blum, Commandant of Drancy Camp.”) Varaut avoided reminding the court that the UGIF had taken part in the preparations for the big round-up … Epelbaum, D., 1990, Aloïs Brunner. Since 1988, it has held an exhibition narrating the history of deportation. Robert Blum had been a member of the Résistance movement Combat before his arrest, and in mid-September of 1943, forty-odd detainees secretly began to dig a tunnel 1.2 meters high and 0.6 meters wide, from a basement under his office. Pendant qu’il nous sert un verre d’eau, on l’interroge sur les conditions de détention. A la main. La majorité s’est opposée.» Et l’entrée fut murée. La souffrance de ce travail. Dismiss Visit. C’est dans ce cadre effroyable que va naître le projet fou d’une évasion par un tunnel. Marcel Bluwal’s 1998 film, based on the producer André Tranché’s account, demonstrates that the frontiers between the detainees’ world and the outside was relatively porous, due to the corruption of the gendarmes responsible for guarding the outside of the camp. Artastic. He met his first commander, Lombard, a Gendarmerie captain, and police captain Jean François, who was Deputy Director of the Prefecture of Police. A headcount bureau, composed of detainee cadres, continued drawing up lists of the deportees. There are 4 ways to get from Gallieni to Drancy Station by subway, train, bus, taxi or car. «Chaque jour ou presque, il fallait monter sur les toits, écrit Ullmo, pour vérifier la direction de l’axe du tunnel. Within the fragmented concentration camp society, which was constantly being transformed by the deportations, any remaining organized resistance seemed to have been destroyed. Alors le prisonnier donne les noms de treize camarades, prenant soin de ne livrer que des hommes qui n’ont pas de famille dans le camp.» Parmi eux, les Handschuh. 128; 129; 130; 131; 132; 133; 134; 135; 136; 137. . The whole complex was located near three train stations, of which two had big eastbound switching yards. : Calmann-Lévy. Learn how to create your own. A barnyard, a pigsty and a rabbit hutch were planned for the Germans, as was a garage, which was constructed near the camp entrance, where the barbed wire was replaced by a monumental gate. Pour la mémoire de ceux qui n’ont pas réussi à revenir ? Le nom de Vincent Reynouard et d’autres inscriptions négationnistes ont été tagués vendredi sur le mémorial d’Oradour-sur-Glane. The “rafle du Vel’ d’hiv’ ” (Winter Velodrome Round-up) on July 16-17, 1942 was the beginning of a second phase of life at the Drancy internment camp. Georges Wellers, who had trained as a chemist and was a pioneer of the Contemporary Jewish Documentation Centre (Centre de documentation juive contemporaine), wrote the first great work dedicated to the Drancy camp (Wellers, 1973), basing it on an autobiographical account. Lippert gave the latter responsibility for supplies and maintenance of the camp. In 2 weeks in January and February 1939 around 500,000 men, women and children crossed the border. La méthode Brunner consiste à faire de Drancy un camp de concentration sans gardiens SS, en confiant la surveillance externe aux gendarmes français et l’administration de l’«interne» aux détenus juifs. «Tous les mois, on faisait un dîner. Robert Blum is 56, he's been the President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director of Cytokinetics since 2007. Between two and three hundred laborers were chosen amongst the detainees. Ils ont réussi à gratter des outils, mais les barreaux résistent. This led to his arrest on July 21, 1943 and his detainment at the Drancy camp, under the pretext that one of his cousins had escaped from it. Translated by G. Depondt and H. M. Epstein. Find the travel option that best suits you. Une leçon de courage, jusqu’au dernier souffle. André Baur was put in charge of turning the UGIF into a police apparatus intended to convince the families of detainees to give themselves up, but he refused to be dragged into anything beyond providing aid to the detainees. Le récit débute en 1923, à Budapest. Limited to a ground-floor locale inside the La Muette complex, it houses displays of documents, organizes conferences and invites witnesses to speak there. Et puis ils sont partis à Drancy… Drancy, cette autre histoire française. Dannecker had already made the General Union of Jews in France (Union générale des Israélites de France or UGIF, a grouping of all Jewish assistance initiatives imposed by the Vichy Government and the German occupying forces) responsible for providing supplies to deportation convoys, when Aloïs Brunner forced it to take on the role of sole supplier of the Drancy camp. British and Canadian civilians were brought there, as well as around one thousand French civilians repatriated from Germany. These jobs protected their holders from deportation, and this relatively privileged group comprised a hierarchy of Heads of Departments, of Blocks and of Staircases. Nevertheless, the Drancy camp had not originally been designed as a central element in the implementation of the processes of internment, deportation and finally, of destruction of the Jews of France. The underground leader, Col. Robert Blum, as well as others were shot in response. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. During the war he was in France. Martin, P., 1998, "H(Urb)N, Zakhor ! 1941 August 21, - 1944 August 17, DRANCY CONCENTRATION CAMP (France) Schatzman, B., 2005, Journal, souvenirs, lettres d'un interné juif dans les camps de la zone occupée. Captain Marcellin Vieux, who had been Commander of the Drancy Camp from July to September 1942, throughout the period of round-ups and mass arrests, was on the run. Etwa 63.000 … 1941-1944. : Manya. From 2004 to 2018, Robert Wm. Distribuer la nourriture, gérer les effectifs, faire fonctionner l’infirmerie, éviter le désordre, éventuellement dresser les listes de convois, précise l’historien français. On ne fait rien sans utopie.», Aurait-il fallu, comme ce fut le cas en 1942 et 1943 à Treblinka, Sobibor et Auschwitz-Birkenau, se soulever contre les officiers nazis qui tenaient Drancy ? Dans les jours qui suivirent, et au fur et à mesure des nécessités (évacuer la terre, boiser le tunnel, tasser la terre dans les caves), notre équipe devint de plus en plus importante.» André Ullmo qui faisait partie du groupe de Compiègne, a approché les Handschuh : «On va faire un tunnel. Il rigole encore : «Ce n’était pas extraordinaire à ce moment-là, le Marais.» Et les deux jeunes chats ? Chính phủ Vichy, hay chỉ gọi đơn giản là Vichy là thuật ngữ thường dược dùng để miêu tả chính phủ Pháp hợp tác với phe Trục từ tháng 7 năm 1940 đến tháng 8 năm 1944, trong Chiến tranh thế giới lần thứ hai.Chính phủ này chính thức gọi mình là Quốc gia … Jun 17, 2018 - Explore Debra Gibson's board "chillers" on Pinterest. 691; Next; 3201. The Museum’s Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more.Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center. Sa mission : accélérer la déportation des Juifs de France, comme il l’avait fait à Salonique où il avait supervisé la déportation vers l’extermination de 43 000 Juifs de Grèce, dont environ 12 000 enfants.